Organic Chemistry As a Second Language Second Semester Topics 4th Edition by David R. Klein

Readers continue to turn to Klein's Organic Chemistry As a Second Language: Second Semester Topics, 4th Edition because it enables them to better understand fundamental principles, solve problems, and focus on what they need to know to succeed. The fourth edition explores the major principles in the field and explains why they are relevant. It is written in a way that clearly shows the patterns in organic chemistry so that readers can gain a deeper conceptual understanding of the material. Topics are presented clearly in an accessible writing style along with numerous hands-on problem solving exercises.
Table of contents

Chapter 1 Aromaticity 1

1.1 Introduction to Aromatic Compounds 1

1.2 Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds 2

1.3 Criteria for Aromaticity 6

1.4 Lone Pairs 10

Chapter 2 IR Spectroscopy 13

2.1 Vibrational Excitation 14

2.2 IR Spectra 15

2.3 Wavenumber 16

2.4 Signal Intensity 21

2.5 Signal Shape 23

2.6 Analyzing an IR Spectrum 31

Chapter 3 NMR Spectroscopy 38

3.1 Chemical Equivalence 38

3.2 Chemical Shift (Benchmark Values) 42

3.3 Integration 47

3.4 Multiplicity 51

3.5 Pattern Recognition 54

3.6 Complex Splitting 55

3.7 No Splitting 57

3.8 Hydrogen Deficiency Index (Degrees of Unsaturation) 58

3.9 Analyzing a Proton NMR Spectrum 61

3.10 13C NMR Spectroscopy 66

Chapter 4 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 69

4.1 Halogenation and the Role of Lewis Acids 70

4.2 Nitration 74

4.3 Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation 77

4.4 Sulfonation 84

4.5 Activation and Deactivation 89

4.6 Directing Effects 91

4.7 Identifying Activators and Deactivators 101